walden, by henry david thoreau, is one of my favourite non-biblical books. it's the account of his life from 1845-47. thoreau went to walden pond to live during this time because he wanted "to transact some private business with the fewest obstacles." he had made some very sobering observations about the lifestyles of those around him, coming to the conclusion that "the mass of men lead lives of quiet desperation," full of life-negating obstacles. he eventually asks the provocative question: "why should we be in such desperate haste to succeed, and in such desperate enterprises?" he was determined to overcome the desperate and materialistic obstacles of obtaining more, by becoming content with less.
thoreau wasn't alone in his questioning about this desperation--this illness of modern culture. friedrich nietzsche, in the birth of tragedy, responds to the unhealthy nature of society that he also had observed, calling it "the fundamental malady of modern culture." he imagined a culture with "intrepidity of vision...in order to live resolutely in wholeness and fullness." thoreau referred to a vision which penetrates the surface of things, in order to live a full life. since thoreau's going to the woods is a debatable remedy to the blinding discontent he witnessed, i wanted to examine thoreau's diagnosis of culture as well as his remedy; that is, to "live deliberately...to live deep."
thoreau saw that those around him were living discontented lives. they were so occupied with the cares of life they were merely playing life, and not earnestly living it. nietzsche echoes this in tbot when he remarks that man had become "alarmed and dissatisfied at his own consequences." thoreau's diagnosis of this condition was that his countrymen were too consumed with obtaining the "necessaries of life." he had determined that 'wants' had taken the place of 'needs,' fostering complicated lifestyles and mechanical living. no more were people living lives appreciative of what they had, but were living lives of resentment and seemingly bitter longing for the things which they hadn't yet obtained. people were no longer asking what they needed to live, but were living hurried and wasted lives, all in the attempt to "get into business" and "get out of debt." thoreau posited that this hectic kind of lifestyle lacked purpose, being "frittered away by detail," ultimately making people sick. he recognized these feelings and was "torn by two powerful and opposing drives--the desire to enjoy the world...and the urge to set the world straight."
the hectic lifestyle thoreau spoke about can be seen today. he concluded that in the attempt to procure food, clothing, and shelter, people had become so caught up in the rat race of 'getting' that they were now doing penance for these things, becoming owned by the very things they were trying to own. the things 'gotten' had gotten the 'getter,' such as houses and animals, leading thoreau to believe that in the end "the more you have...the poorer you are." people were no longer concerned with what they needed to live simply and deliberately, and with purpose. they had become more concerned with getting new things. he observed that meeting basic biological needs was--and still is--replaced by obtaining "the comforts of life."
thoreau speaks of the importance of meeting these basic biological needs--the things necessary for life, such as food, clothing, shelter. he maintains, however, that people had let these things, especially the obtaining of them, become a hindrance "to the elevation of mankind." his countrymen could go no further because their consumption was consuming them. life was no longer an adventure, nor a thing to be loved because people were spending the best part of their lives earning and obtaining "in order to enjoy a questionable liberty during the least valuable part of [life]." in life without principle, thoreau uses the expression "the way in which we spend our lives." he articulates further that "this world is a place of business...i think there is nothing, not even crime...more opposed...to life itself, than this incessant business." he realized there was something drastically wrong "when men focussed their energies on the acquisition of material things." further, he saw that there was "a kind of slavery to things." thoreau understood that this endless pursuit for things helped to keep civilization "poor as long as they live." to overtly add a biblical element, we need to find ways in which to invest our lives. in so doing--by committing our time, our talent, our treasure to something bigger than ourselves--we will then, and only then, be really living.
in light of his diagnosis that the "mass of men" were living desperate lives to acquire things that would eventually control and impoverish them, thoreau proposed a remedy. in practice, he withdrew from society in an effort to seek independence from society. in theory, however, his remedy is far more practical, since running away from something really only means you're running to something else. in going to walden pond, thoreau hoped to simplify his life, thereby forging a deliberate and deep life for himself--a life which would penetrate the surface of things, becoming rich in "sunny hours and summer days," if not in money. when he came to die, thoreau didn't want to discover that he had not lived. so, with passion he proposed to "suck out all the marrow of life...to know it by experience, and to be able to give a true account of it." it wasn't enough for him to know that others had experienced it. he wanted to know it for himself.
thoreau knew he couldn't change others, and he didn't want them to change for him: "i would not have any adopt my mode of living on any account...i desire that there may be many different persons in the world as possible; but i would have each one be very careful to find and pursue his own way." people have to desire change for themselves. people have to find their purpose in life and actively pursue it...be driven by it.
in walden, thoreau makes the declaration that "to the sick the doctors wisely recommend a change." this is the crux of his remedy--why he went to the woods to live. this is arguably the only remedy; not going to the woods, but making changes, to somehow make life better and deeper than mere surface, shallow living. matthew talks about 4 types of soil, each representing a type of lifestyle: "what do you make of this? a farmer planted seed. as he scattered the seed, some of it fell on the road, and birds ate it. some fell in the gravel; it sprouted quickly but didn't put down roots, so when the sun came up it withered just as quickly. some fell in the weeds; as it came up, it was strangled by the weeds. some fell on good earth, and produced a harvest beyond his wildest dreams" (matthew 13:3-8 msg). the gravel, or stony soil, doesn't allow for seeds to penetrate the surface because it has no "deepness of earth" (13:5 kjv). the allusion here is to shallow lives that never penetrate the surface of living because they lack depth as individuals. to rise above mere existence and surface living, which lacks fullness and wholeness, one must make changes which will foster the kind of deep living to which thoreau alluded and the bible addresses over and over again.
the kind of change necessarily depends on the individual and the imminent circumstances, but ultimately, to the individual sick of his or her life, sickness requires that changes be made--not to accommodate the sickness, but to annihilate it. when it comes to living a deep and deliberate life, full of purpose, one must "simplify, simplify, simplify," cutting out the unnecessary commotion and detail. in losing the world and the materialism that impairs true living, as well as the desperate to succeed in desperate and temporal enterprises, one ultimately finds self. according to proverbs 28:29, "where there is no vision the people perish." to fix yourself, find yourself, and to find yourself and abundant life, turn to Christ. in so doing, you will be living not just deliberately, but deeply, and with fearless vision that penetrates the surface, lead a full and whole life.